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In addition, ethnicity, age and geographical locality can have an impact on those affected by UC ( Reference Lomer 6 ). The cause of UC is unclear, but research indicates a multitude of factors interacting together including genetics, immune responses and infective mechanisms ( Reference Lomer 6 ).

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Some may experience further problems outside the bowel including skin problems, ocular conditions, and musculoskeletal system, haematopoietic and coagulation system complications ( Reference Danese and Fiocchi 4 ). UC patients will frequently report urgency for the toilet with more than five bowel movements per d ( Reference Nikolaus and Schreiber 5 ). Symptoms include ulcers and open wounds on the surface of the lining, possibly causing gastrointestinal bleeding, weight loss and diarrhoea ( Reference Ho, Lees and Satsangi 1 ). UC involves inflammation and development of ulceration on the lining the colon and rectum, collectively known as the large bowel ( Reference Ho, Lees and Satsangi 1 ). UC has a direct effect on patients’ quality of life and is associated with numerous health complications such as toxic megacolon, strictures and colorectal cancer ( Reference Hart, Luben and Olsen 3, Reference Danese and Fiocchi 4 ). It is a chronic disease and is usually diagnosed between late adolescence and early adulthood and affects both sexes equally ( Reference Ho, Lees and Satsangi 1, Reference Loftus 2 ). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with an incidence rate of 10/100 000 people within the UK and a point prevalence of 200/100 000 ( Reference Ho, Lees and Satsangi 1 ). Low intakes of these food groups, especially during remission, are preventing patients from adhering to dietary guidelines. Findings indicate that food avoidance may contribute to nutrient deficiencies in UC patients. Osteopaenia, osteoporosis and anaemia were reported by 12, 6 and 31 % of the participants, respectively. Vitamin C, vitamin B 12 and Ca intake levels were overachieved by all participants ( P< 0♰01), while women aged 19–50 years did not achieve their dietary Fe reference nutrient intake levels ( P< 0♰01). Protein intake was significantly high in women aged 19–50 years ( P< 0♰0) and men aged 19–50 years ( P< 0♰05). Fat intake exceeded the national recommended intake values ( P< 0♰001), at the expense of carbohydrate and fibre intakes, which were significantly ( P< 0♰05) lower than the national recommended intake values. Energy intakes were significantly ( P< 0♰5) lower than the national recommended intake values in women aged 18–65 years and men aged 18–60 years. Almost half of the study population eliminated foods such as dairy products to alleviate symptoms, possibly unnecessarily. Numerous food groups, predominantly fibre-rich foods and fruit and vegetables, were largely avoided by the participants. The results showed that the nutritional knowledge of participants was limited with unofficial sources being used, including websites. A 24 h dietary recall ( n 81) was used to assess nutrient intakes, which were then compared with the national recommended intake values.

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An online questionnaire ( n 93) was used to assess health-related conditions, current nutritional knowledge, professional dietary guidance and food avoidance. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether UC patients adhere to national dietary guidelines and to assess their dietary habits.

Insufficient nutrient intake can additionally deteriorate nutritional status.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes gastrointestinal lesions, bleeding, diarrhoea and nutritional complications.

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